Comparison of energy consumption and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption according to Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae performance in Taekwondo players

Article information

Phys Act Nutr. 2023;27(1):41-46
Publication date (electronic) : 2023 March 31
doi : https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2023.0005
1Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2Department of Senior Exercise Prescription, Dongseo University, Busan, Republic of Korea
3Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
5Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
6Department of Bio and Healing Convergence, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
7Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
*Corresponding author : Kiwon Lim, Ph.D. Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea. Tel: +82-2-450-3827 E-mail: exercise@konkuk.ac.kr
Received 2023 February 6; Revised 2023 March 6; Accepted 2023 March 13.

Abstract

[Purpose]

We compared and analyzed energy consumption and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) following Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae performances.

[Methods]

Forty-two healthy men who could perform Taegeuk Poomsae 1–8 Jangs were enrolled in this study. To reduce the impact of Poomsae, a random cross-design was used. The washout time was set to at least three days. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was monitored after performing each Poomsae until a reference line was resumed. Each Taegeuk Poomsae was performed at a speed of 60 bpm.

[Results]

There was no significant difference in VO2, carbon dioxide excretion, and heart rate after performing the Taegeuk Poomsae once; however, all variables increased significantly in combined results of EPOC metabolism (F<45.646, p<0.001, and ɳ2<0.527). Taegeuk 8 Jang had the highest levels of all the factors. There were noticeable variations in the oxidation of fat and carbohydrates throughout the Taegeuk Poomsae (F<9.250, p<0.001, ɳ2<0.184). Taegeuk 8 Jang demonstrated the greatest rate of carbohydrate oxidation, and 4–8 Jangs demonstrated much greater rates of fatty acid oxidation. Compared to 1 Jang, the energy consumption showed significant differences in all the variables and peaked in Taegeuk 8 Jang.

[Conclusion]

The energy consumption during the Poomsae performances was the same. When the EPOC metabolism was coupled, it was evident that more energy was substantially used in each chapter of Poomsae. Consequently, it was determined that when performing Poomsae, not only should energy metabolism during exercise be taken into account but also EPOC metabolism, which can increase by 10-fold.

INTRODUCTION

Many individuals now have higher calorie diets than did those in the past; however, less physical activity and lack of exercise in daily life have led to an imbalance in the body’s energy supply and consumption. Consequently, lifestyle diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and obesity are emerging social problems [1,2]. Increasing energy metabolism is an effective method for preventing and treating lifestyle-related diseases. Therefore, there is significant interest in increasing energy metabolism through increased physical activity [3,4].

Energy consumption during physical activity is generally expressed as a function of oxygen consumption (VO2) during exercise [5]. However, this does not describe the entire process because VO2 also increases to promote homeostasis by reversing increased metabolic activity caused by physical activity to a stable level; this is called excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) [6].

Excess post-exercise VO2 is active within an hour of exercise, thereby leading to the recovery of adenosine triphosphate-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) in muscles, re-supplementation of blood and muscle oxygen, re-distribution of ions (elevated sodium-potassium pump activity), repair of damaged tissues, normalization of elevated heart rate (HR) and body temperature, and removal of lactic acid [6,7]. The EPOC was found to account for a large part of energy consumption, and the necessity of research is emerging because of high EPOC variability among various conditions. In particular, some studies have shown that the amount of EPOC varies, depending on exercise conditions, such as exercise duration, intensity, type of exercise, central body temperature, and nutritional status [8]. Therefore, the VO2 during exercise is relatively small compared to dietary intake, but it can still be significant if applied to include EPOC and increased metabolic rate after exercise; thus, further research on met-abolic differences according to exercise is urgently needed [9]. Exercise programs to maintain, enhance, and improve general health frequently employ energy expenditure during exercise as a physiological indication, and many kinds of training programs have been designed based on this characteristic. However there isn’t enough information available on Taekwondo Poomsae programs.

Taekwondo is a martial art that anyone can practice, and it is practiced for various purposes, including health promotion, weight loss, and confidence gain. Most Taekwondo training consists of basic movements, such as the mitt kick, Poomsae, and Gyeorugi [10]. Beginner students of Taekwondo first receive basic instruction in Poomsae, a combination of hand and foot skills, and are then organized to gradually acquire a variety of techniques, including diverse assaults and defense. The most fundamental training technique for Taekwondo is called Taekwondo Poomsae; this training is required to make sure that participants have the athletic physiological foundation of Taekwondo Poomsae to effectively achieve various training goals [11-13].

Prior studies related to Poomsae performance have occasionally reported changes in HR, oxygen intake, and lactic acid levels based on single and repeated Poomsae performances. According to one performance of Taegeuk Poomsae, although exercise intensity, energy consumption, and relative exercise intensity varied slightly depending on the research participants’ ages, in general, the average HR reached around 65-85% of maximum VO2. One study investigating energy consumption following repeated Poomsae performance showed that the higher the number of repetitions, the higher the HR, exercise intensity, and energy consumption [14-16].

Taekwondo Poomsae, as previously stated, is an exercise that anyone can learn, and it is important to understand the physiological underpinnings that manifest when exercising. Most researchers have focused on the energy expenditure that occurs during Taegeuk Poomsae when it is performed once or repeatedly. However, because energy consumption after exercise makes up a higher share of the energy consumption during exercise, it is crucial to examine EPOC post-exercise energy consumption features; however, studies on this topic are limited. To examine the physiological basis of energy consumption during Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae and to obtain thorough baseline information on energy consumption during Taegeuk Poomsae, it is crucial to assess both energy consumption and EPOC during exercise. Therefore, in this study, energy consumption, according to Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae performance and EPOC, was compared and analyzed.

METHODS

Participants

In this study, we enrolled 42 major Taekwondo players that are men, in their 20s, with >5 years of Taekwondo practice. Inclusion criteria were: those who were good at implementing Taegeuk Poomsae (1–8 Jangs), and had no diseases of the muscle or skeletal system, no heart- or blood-related diseases, and no neurological or psychiatric diseases. Informed permission was gained from each participant following a thorough explanation of the study’s purpose, content, and methods, which was approved by our Institutional Review Board (IRB; 7001355-202004-HR-372). Table 1 shows the participants’ physical characteristics.

Baseline characteristics of the subjects.

Experimental design

The participants visited our laboratory eight times for measurement purposes. After evaluating the participant’s height, weight, and body composition during the initial visit, energy consumption during the Taegeuk Poomsae performance was measured. The participants were engaged in Taegeuk Poomsae from 1 to 8 Jangs while wearing an HR monitor (Garmin, USA) and a gas analyzer (COSMED K5, Italy). The participants were randomly cross-designed from 1 to 8 Jangs of the Taegeuk Poomsae, and the washout time was set to at least three days to minimize the influence of the Poomsae. To collect constant data for 1 to 8 Jangs, each Taegeuk Poomsae exercise was performed at a speed of 60 bpm, and EPOC was measured after performing the Poomsae exercise once until return to baseline. The experimental design is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Experimental design.

Body composition

Participants were dressed simply after taking off their socks, jewelry, and other accessories in order to use a bioelectric impedance analyzer (Inbody 770, Biospace, Korea) to measure their physical attributes and body composition. The variables were measured body weight, height, body mass index (weight [kg]/square of height [m2]), body fat mass, fat mass percentage, and free fat mass.

Measurement of taegeuk poomsae energy consumption

In this study, the participants wore an automatic respiratory gas analyzer (COSMED K5, Italy) on their backs, HR monitor (Garmin, USA) on their chests, and a mask on their faces, while performing Taegeuk Poomsae. Energy expenditure was continuously measured until the EPOC measurement was completed by starting the Taegeuk Poomsae performance. Immediately after the Taegeuk Poomsae was performed, the participant’s EPOC was measured in a comfortable sitting position. The measured variables in-cluded VO2, carbon dioxide excretion (VCO2), HR, energy consumption, and substrate oxidation. Using the Jeukendrup and Wallis [17] formula, substrate oxidation was determined.

Carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation (g) = 4.210 × VCO2 − 2.962 × VO2

Fat oxidation (g) = 1.695 × VO2 − 1.701 × VCO2

Energy consumption (kcal) = 4.07 × CHO + 9.75 × FAT

Statistical analysis

Using SPSS software (version 25.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), all data collected for this study were analyzed, and mean and standard deviation were calculated to show descriptive statistics. Using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity were confirmed. In order to clarify the interaction effects between the Taegeuk Poomsaes (1–8 Jangs) and energy consumption, including EPOC, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurements was performed. The differences in the dependent variables between all Tae-geuk Poomsaes and energy consumption, including EPOC, were assessed using repeated one-way ANOVA. The Bonferroni test was used as a post-hoc analysis. The threshold for significance was determined at 0.05.

RESULTS

Metabolic function of taegeuk poomsae

We observed a significant difference in VO2 (F=157.636, p=0.000, and ɳ2=0.794), VCO2 (F=100.343, p=0.000, and ɳ2=0.710), and HR (F=41.621, p=0.000, and ɳ2=0.504) after performing multiple Taegeuk Poomsaes. Conversely, after performing the Taegeuk Poomsae once, there was no significant difference in VO2, VCO2, or HR, but all these variables increased significantly in the combined results of EPOC metabolism. The VO2, VCO2, and HR variables were higher in Taegeuk 1 Jang under all conditions and were highest in Taegeuk 8 Jang (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Metabolic function of Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae (mean ± standard deviation): The (A) Change in VO2, (B) Change in VCO2, (C) Change in HR are shown.

TG: Taegeuk; VO2: oxygen uptake; VCO2: carbon dioxide excretion; HR: heart rate. a = Taegeuk 1 Jang vs.; b = Taegeuk 2 Jang vs.; c = Taegeuk 3 Jang vs.; d = Taegeuk 4 Jang vs.; e = Taegeuk 5 Jang vs.; f = Taegeuk 6 Jang vs.; g = Taegeuk 7 Jang vs. Taegeuk 8 Jang mean statistically significant differences, respectively.

Energy consumption of taegeuk poomsae

The Taegeuk Poomsae showed significant differences in CHO oxidation (F=9.250, p=0.000, and ɳ2=0.184), fat oxidation (F=45.646, p=0.000, and ɳ2=0.527), and energy consumption (F=93.419, p=0.000, and ɳ2=0.695). Taegeuk 8 Jang showed the highest CHO oxidation, and fatty acid oxidation was significantly higher in Taegeuk 4–8 Jangs. Compared to Taegeuk 1 Jang, energy consumption showed significant differences in all the variables and was highest in Taegeuk 8 Jang (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Energy expenditure of Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae (mean ± standard deviation): The (A) Change in CHO oxidation, (B) Change in fat oxidation, and (C) Change in EE are shown.

TG: Taegeuk; CHO: carbohydrate; EE: energy consumption. a = Taegeuk 1 Jang vs.; b = Taegeuk 2 Jang vs.; c = Taegeuk 3 Jang vs.; d = Taegeuk 4 Jang vs.; e = Taegeuk 5 Jang vs.; f = Taegeuk 6 Jang vs.; g = Taegeuk 7 Jang vs. Taegeuk 8 Jang mean statistically significant differences, respectively.

DISCUSSION

Taekwondo Poomsae involves training in basic attack and defense skills, such as kicking, punching, and blocking in a certain stride. This sport was selected as the official event of the 2006 World Championship, highlighting the value and importance of Poomsae training [10,12,13]. Taekwondo Poomsae training begins with “Taegeuk,” and is divided into eight Jangs. Each Jang progresses by adding additional offensive and defensive postures, one step apart. Taekwondo Poomsae is an exercise that people of all ages can perform, and to bring about continuous expansion and activation of the base, it is necessary to develop effective programs for promoting daily sports and health and scientific verification [11,18,19]. In this study, to verify the scientific effect of Taekwondo Poomsae for use as basic data, metabolic function and energy consumption during and after Taegeuk Poomsae performance were measured, compared, and analyzed.

Taekwondo Poomsae is divided into Taegeuk 1–8 Jangs, with increasing complexity and difficulty of movement at each stage. In this study, metabolic function (VO2, VCO2, and HR) increased during a single Taegeuk Poomsae performance, but there were no significant differences between the different Poomsaes. In contrast, it can be seen that the data obtained by combining metabolic function and EPOC during the performance increased significantly at Taegeuk 8 Jang compared to Taegeuk 1 Jang. Excess post-exercise VO2 varies with exercise intensity and duration and has been reported to last up to ≥8 h [19,20]. The higher the exercise intensity, the higher the EPOC, which has been reported to be effective in reducing total body fat [21,22]. In particular, the concept of increased EPOC is used as an important data to support the maintenance or reduction of body mass while creating exercise programs that maximize energy consumption during recovery.

Energy consumption is calculated as the amount of oxygen used in physical or metabolic activities combined with the contraction and relaxation processes of the skeletal muscles used during exercise. For oxygen to be used as an energy source, breathing, circulation, nerves, and muscles must work together [21,23,24]. Excess post-exercise VO2 can restore ATP-PCr in muscles immediately after exercise, replenish oxygen in the blood and muscles, redistribute ions, normalize elevated HR and body temperature, and remove lactic acid. Therefore, energy metabolism after exercise plays an important role in determining the amount of energy consumption [20,25,26]. In this study, the energy consumption of each Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae is insignificant, ranging between 1.1–2.1 kcal on average per measurement, but the EPOC used after completion added up to 14.1–25.6 kcal, indicating a 10-fold or more increase in energy consumption. This movement of Poomsae is believed to be due to significant stress on the muscles and immediate and long-term appearance of symptoms related to motor-induced muscle damage during unfamiliar activities. Jung et al. [15] reported that the average energy consumption of Taekwondo Poomsae was 3.1–6.4 kcal/min, which differed from other exercises, such as walking 5.4 ± 0.9 kcal/min [27], stair climbing 8.5 ± 0.1 kcal/min [28], fast walking 4.7–6.7 kcal/min [29], and golf 3.3–8.2 kcal/min [30]. Because most of the Taekwondo Poomsaes are completed within minutes, if calculated in minutes for one measurement, it appears at around 4 kcal/min, which can be seen as a similar number. However, there is currently no research on EPOC during Taekwondo Poomsae, which prevents direct comparisons. Considering that the EPOC consumes 10 times more energy than during exercise, Taekwondo Poomsae can be used as a basic material for public health.

As shown in a previous study by Jung et al. [14], the energy consumption of repeatedly performed Taekwondo Poomsae is similar to or greater than that of medium-intensity exercise, and when considered in combination with EPOC, more energy consumption is shown. The American College of Sports Medicine [31] states that to maximize the effect of exercise, people should perform moderate-intensity exercise for 30–60 min for ≥5 days, or 20–60 min of high-intensity exercise for ≥3 days, or concurrent moderate-intensity and high-intensity exercise for 3–5 days a week [32]. In most cases, medium to high-intensity aerobic exercises are recommended for weight loss and health promotion. When it comes to how different types of exercise affect the body, long-term mild exercise lowers blood lipids and body fat while shortterm vigorous exercise enhances cardiovascular function. Continuous moderate-intensity exercise may drop heart rate, reduce blood pressure, raise blood volume, reduce blood catecholamines, and boost thyroid hormone [5,11,20,33,34]. The results of this study showed that Taekwondo Poomsae is effective in promoting energy consumption and positively changing the metabolism of EPOC, and could therefore be used in programs to promote health. Additionally, developing and distributing programs in the order of Taegeuk 1 Jang with low intensity to Taegeuk 8 Jang gradually increased, according to various age groups. Exercise levels can be recommended as an effective exercise program.

This study has several limitations. Although the generalizability of our results is unclear, we have attempted to increase the reliability for many individuals. However, future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to investigate whether energy consumption and EPOC still increase, and controls should be used to further reduce the risk of type I error. We acknowledge that our study is limited because we did not monitor dietary intake during data collection. However, we instructed the participants to maintain a similar energy intake throughout the study, and to complete and participate 2 h before the experiment.

Overall, the energy consumption of Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae conducted in this study increased in Taegeuk 8 Jang rather than Taegeuk 1 Jang. In particular, there was no significant difference in one performance, but there was a significant difference in the combined results with the EPOC measured after the end of the exercise. The total energy consumption was higher in Taegeuk 4–8 Jangs than in Taegeuk 1 Jang. Given the short duration of single Taekwondo Poomsae performances, there was no variation in the amount of energy used in each chapter. However, considering the entire EPOC and the fact that the energy consumed during the exercise was approximately 10 times more than the energy consumed during the exercise, it is possible to consider strategies to enhance energy metabolism by engaging in Taekwondo Poomsae. Additionally, because energy consumption increases in the order of Taegeuk 1 to 8 Jangs, these protocols can be used as exercises for men and women of all ages. Taekwondo Poomsae is known to be an effective exercise for improving the range of joint movement and body composition, as well as mental training, and it is considered a suitable exercise to develop an individual’s body evenly because it can be performed alone in a small place. Future research suggests a regression model that predicts energy consumption based on the energy metabolism and EPOC of Taekwondo Poomsae, so that it can be easily used in exercise programs and physical activity guidelines that are effective in improving health and preventing obesity. Additionally, these data could be used to develop various programs that utilize the exercise intensity and energy consumption of Taegeuk 1–8 Jangs and to construct effective exercise programs for public health.

Acknowledgements

This paper was supported by the Konkuk University Premier Research Fund in 2020.

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Article information Continued

Figure 1.

Experimental design.

Figure 2.

Metabolic function of Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae (mean ± standard deviation): The (A) Change in VO2, (B) Change in VCO2, (C) Change in HR are shown.

TG: Taegeuk; VO2: oxygen uptake; VCO2: carbon dioxide excretion; HR: heart rate. a = Taegeuk 1 Jang vs.; b = Taegeuk 2 Jang vs.; c = Taegeuk 3 Jang vs.; d = Taegeuk 4 Jang vs.; e = Taegeuk 5 Jang vs.; f = Taegeuk 6 Jang vs.; g = Taegeuk 7 Jang vs. Taegeuk 8 Jang mean statistically significant differences, respectively.

Figure 3.

Energy expenditure of Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae (mean ± standard deviation): The (A) Change in CHO oxidation, (B) Change in fat oxidation, and (C) Change in EE are shown.

TG: Taegeuk; CHO: carbohydrate; EE: energy consumption. a = Taegeuk 1 Jang vs.; b = Taegeuk 2 Jang vs.; c = Taegeuk 3 Jang vs.; d = Taegeuk 4 Jang vs.; e = Taegeuk 5 Jang vs.; f = Taegeuk 6 Jang vs.; g = Taegeuk 7 Jang vs. Taegeuk 8 Jang mean statistically significant differences, respectively.

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the subjects.

Variables Male (n =42)
Age (years) 21.2±3.5
Height (cm) 173.5±4.9
Weight (kg) 69.3±7.7
BMI (kg/m2) 23.0±2.2
Free fat mass (kg) 59.0±5.7
Body fat mass (kg) 10.3±4.5
Body fat percentage (%) 14.6±4.9

Note. BMI = body mass index.