1. Spiegelman BM, Flier JS. Adipogenesis and obesity: rounding out the big picture. Cell 1996;87(3):377-389. PMID:
8898192.
2. Mohamed-ali V, Pinkney JH, Coppack SW. Adipose tissue as an endocrine and paracrine organ. Int J Obes Relat Metab Diasord 1998;22(12):1145-1158.
3. Argilés JM, López-Soriano J, Almendro V, Busquets S, López-Soriano FJ. Cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: a link with obesity? Med Res Rev 2005;25(1):49-65. PMID:
15389734.
4. Shibasaki M, Takahashi K, Itou T, Miyazawa S, Ito M, Kobayashi J, Bujo H, Saito Y. Alterations of insulin sensitivity by the implantation of 3T3-L1 cells in nude mice. A role for TNF-alpha? Diabetlolgia 2002;45(4):518-526.
5. Maeda N, Shimomura I, Kishida K, Nishizawa H, Matsuda M, Nagaretani H, Furuyama N, Kondo H, Takahashi M, Arita Y, Komuro R, Ouchi N, Kihara S, Tochino Y, Okutomi K, Horie M, Takeda S, Aoyama T, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ACRP30. Nat Med 2002;8(7):731-737. PMID:
12068289.
6. Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Kocelak P, Janowska J, Holecki M, Semik-Grabarczyk E. The effect of weight loss on serum concentration of interleukine-6 (IL-6) and insulin resistance. Endokrynol Pol 2006;57(2):131-135. PMID:
16773588.
7. Fried SK, Bunkin DA, Greenberg AS. Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83(3):847-850. PMID:
9506738.
8. Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y, Takahashi M, Matsuda M, Okamoto Y, Iwahashi H, Kuriyama H, Ouchi N, Maeda K, Nishida M, Kihara S, Sakai N, Nakajima T, Hasegawa K, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Nakamura T, Yamahashi S, Hanafusa T, Matsuzawa Y. Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20(6):1595-1599. PMID:
10845877.
9. Ostrowski K, Schjerling P, Pedersen BK. Physical activity and plasma interleukin-6 in humans--effect of intensity of exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000;83(6):512-515. PMID:
11192058.
10. Ryan AS, Berman DM, Nicklas BJ, Sinha M, Gingerich RL, Meneilly GS, Egan JM, Elahi D. Plasma adiponectin and leptin levels, body composition, and glucose utilization in adult women with wide ranges of age and obesity. Diabetes Care 2003;26(8):2383-2388. PMID:
12882866.
12. Takanami Y, Kawai Y, Kinosita F, Mobara O, Shimomitsu T. Aerobic exercise training increases an adipocytederived antidiabetic, antiatherogenic plasma protein, adiponectin. Diabetes 2002;51:A61.
13. Ishii T, Yamakita T, Yamaguchi K, Fukumoto M, Yoshioka K, Hosoi M, Sato T, Tanaka S, Fujii S. Plasma adiponectin levels are associated with insulin sensitivity improved by exercise training in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2002;51(2):A248.
14. Kondo T, Kobayashi I, Murakami M. Effect of exercise on circulating adipokine levels in obese young women. Endocr J 2006;53(2):189-195. PMID:
16618976.
15. Kriketos AD, Gan SK, Poynten AM, Furler SM, Chisholm DJ, Campbell LV. Exercise increases adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes Care 2004;27(2):629-630. PMID:
14747265.
16. Blüher M, Bullen JW Jr, Lee JH, Kralisch S, Fasshauer M, Klöting N, Niebauer J, Schön MR, Williams CJ, Mantzoros CS. Circulating adiponectin and expression of adiponectin receptors in human skeletal muscles: Associations with metabolic parameters and insulin resistance and regulation by physical training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(6):2310-2316. PMID:
16551730.
17. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assesment: insulin resistance and ß-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28(7):412-419. PMID:
3899825.
18. Morris JN, Hardman AE. Walking to heal. Sports Medicine 1997;23:306-332. PMID:
9181668.
19. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippinocott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. p. 237-240.
20. Steinbeck KS. The importance of physical activity in the prevention of overweight and obesity in childhood: A review and an opinion. Obes. Rev. 2001;2(2):117-130. PMID:
12119663.
21. Boden G, Chen , Ruiz J, Heifets M, Morris M, Badosa F. Insulin receptor down-regulation and impaired antilipolytic action of insulin in diabetic patients after pancreas/kidney transplantation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1994;78(3):657-663. PMID:
8126138.
22. Helmrich SP. 1991;Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 325:147-152. PMID:
2052059.
23. Min Gyeongwan, Park Seongu. Exercises and Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2006;30(1):1-9.
24. Bertoli A, Di Daniele N, Ceccobelli M, Ficara A, Girasoli C, De Lorenzo A. Lipid profile, BMI, body fat distribution, and aerobic fitness in men with metabolic syndrome. Acta Diabetol 2003;40(Suppl 1):130-133. PMID:
14605969.
25. Stewart KJ, Brown CS, Hickey CM, McFarland LD, Weinhofer JJ, Gottlieb SH. Physical fitness, physical acitivity, and fatness in relation to blood pressure and lipids in preadolescent children. Results from the FRESH Study. J. Cardiopul. Rehab 1995;15(2):122-129.
26. Wessel TR, Arant CB, Olson MB, Johnson BD, Reis SE, Sharaf BL, Shaw LJ, Handberg E, Sopko G, Kelsey SF, Pepine CJ, Merz NB. Relation-ship of physical fitness vs body mass index with coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events in women. JAMA 2004;292(10):1179-1187. PMID:
15353530.
27. Roth JL. The metabolic syndrome: where are we and where do we go? Nutrition Reviews 2002;60(11):335-337. PMID:
12392150.
28. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from Survey. JAMA 2002;287:356-359. PMID:
11790215.
29. Meigs JB. Epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome. Am J Manag Care 2002;8(11):283-292.
30. Scott CL. Diagnosis, prevention, and intervention for the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2003;92(1A):35i-42i.
31. Després JP, Gagnon J, Bergeron J, Couillard C, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Bouchard C. Plasma post-heparin lipase activities in the HERITAGE Family Study: the reproducibility, gender differences, and associations with lipoprotein levels. HEalth, RIsk factors, exercise Training and GEnetics. Clin Biochem 1999;32(3):157-165. PMID:
10383074.
32. Lago F, Dieguez C, Gómez-Reino J, Gualillo O. The emerging role of adipokines as mediators of inflammation and immune responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007;18(3-4):313-325. PMID:
17507280.
33. Ekelund U, Brage S, Griffin SJ, Wareham NJ; ProActive UK Research Group. Objectively measured moderateand vigorous-intensity physical activity but not sedentary time predicts insulin resistance in high-risk individuals. Diabetes Care 2009;32(6):1081-1086. PMID:
19252168.
35. Lim S, Choi SH, Jeong IK, Kim JH, Moon MK, Park KS, Lee HK, Kim YB, Jang HC. Insulin-sensitizing Effects of Exercise on Adiponectin and Retinol Binding Protein-4 Concentrations in Young and Middle-aged Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(6):2263-2268. PMID:
18334592.
36. Okamoto Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Nishida M, Arita Y, Kumada M, Ohashi K, Sakai N, Shimomura I, Kobayashi H, Terasaka N, Inaba T, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. Adiponectin reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 2002;106:2767-2770. PMID:
12451000.
37. Lim S, Choi SH, Jeong IK, Kim JH, Moon MK, Park KS, Lee HK, Kim YB, Jang HC. Insulin-sensitizing Effects of Exercise on Adiponectin and Retinol Binding Protein-4 Concentrations in Young and Middle-aged Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(6):2263-2268. PMID:
18334592.
38. Azuma K, Katsukawa F, Oguchi S, Murata M, Yamazaki H, Shimada A, Saruta T. Correlation between serum resistin level and adiposity in obese individuals. Obes Res 2003;11(8):997-1001. PMID:
12917505.
39. Smith JK, Dykes R, Douglas JE, Krishnaswamy G, Berk S. Long-term exercise andatherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease. JAMA 1999;281(18):1722-1727. PMID:
10328073.
40. Bruunsgaard H, Pedersen BK. Effects of exercise on the immmune system in the eldery population. Immunology and Cell Biology 2000;78:523-531. PMID:
11050535.
41. Maeda N, Shimomura I. Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ACRP30. Nat, Med 2002;8(7):731-737. PMID:
12068289.
42. Da Silva RJ, Silvério R, Donatto FF, Bittencourt JC, Seelaender M. Effects of Dietary Restriction and Chronic Physical Exercise on Adipose Tissue Proinflammatory Cytokines Expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010 42:518.(abstract).
43. Kawanishi N, Yano H, Yokogawa Y, Suzuki K. Exercise training inhibits inflammation in adipose tissue via both suppression of macrophage infiltration and acceleration of phenotypic switching from M1 to M2 macrophages in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Exerc Immunol Rev 2010;16:105-118. PMID:
20839495.
44. Frayn KN. Adipose tissue and the insulin resistance syndrome. Proc Nutr Soc 2001;60(3):375-380. PMID:
11681812.
45. Guerre-Millo M. Adipose tissue and adipokines: for better or worse. Diabetes Metab 2004;30(1):13-19. PMID:
15029093.
46. Scherer PE. Adipose tissue: from lipid storage compartment to endocrine organ. Diabetes 2006;55(6):1537-1545. PMID:
16731815.
47. Patti ME, Kahn BB. Nutrient sensor links obesity with diabetes risk. Nat Med 2004;10(10):1049-1050. PMID:
15459705.
48. Daval M, Foufelle F, Ferré P. Functions of AMPactivated protein kinase in adipose tissue. J Physiol 2006;574(Pt 1):55-62. PMID:
16709632.
49. Marshall S. Role of insulin, adipocyte hormones, and nutrient-sensing pathways in regulating fuel metabolism and energy homeostasis: a nutritional perspective of diabetes, obesity, and cancer. Sci STKE 2006;2006(346):re7PMID:
16885148.